Liam Byrne

From the eighth century, the most active traders with England were probably the Frisians of the northern Germanic coast, who bought and sold wine, timber, grain and fish from towns like London and York and, from at least the late seventh century, traded a certain amount of English cloth, known, appropriately, as Frisian.

He told of his opinions and pursuits

In solemn tones, he harped on his increase

Richard Gresham: ‘the City of London had perhaps never before known a greater benefactor’. When

Warwick and Cavendish departed London for Holland on 17 July. Hearing the news, the Privy

granted by Warwick, in his role as President of the Council of New England – it was probably carved from land of his own in somewhat

the colonists, while exporting their tobacco, but it neglected

The first of the vessels paid for with ship money set sail in a nineteen-strong fleet in 1635, by which point the Venetian ambassador was warning of rising tension in Charles’s realm: ‘the situation daily becomes worse and more embittered... unless it ends in some honourable composition there is manifest danger of it resulting in a troublesome rising’.59 He was right.

per cent in duty; the auctioneers got a little commission, and

f the world’s greatest rulers. In death, he divided his empire among three sons, who instantly commenced

Defoe missed the new iron trade’s great entrepreneur, Abraham Darby, busy with his breakthrough mastering the art of smelting iron from abundant coal instead of limited, expensive charcoal.11